AFAA Personal Trainer Certification Practice Exam

Which movement involves an extremity describing a circle (360 degrees)?

1. Flexion

2. Rotation

3. Extension

4. Circumduction

The correct answer is: Circumduction

The movement that involves an extremity describing a circle, or a 360-degree arc, is known as circumduction. This complex motion combines several simpler movements—flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction—allowing the limb to move in a circular path. This type of movement is commonly observed at ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder and hip, where a complete circular motion is possible. Circumduction is distinct because it does not simply return to a starting position like flexion or extension might; it allows for a sweeping motion that can vary in range and direction. Understanding circumduction is important for personal trainers, as it applies to various activities, including swimming, throwing, and other sports that require a full range of motion in an extremity.